Islamic History in Córdoba & The Mezquita de Córdoba

When visiting Spain, Córdoba is a must-see city. If you’re interested in studying abroad in a city with a rich history and beautiful architecture, then Córdoba is the place for you. Córdoba is a desirable location for both students and professors interested in studying abroad. The deep and complex history of Córdoba combined with its impressive and iconic architecture makes it an attractive location for students and professors looking to learn and gain new experiences. 

Córdoba is an inland city located in Southern Spain. Its close proximity to Northern Africa has naturally resulted in significant Muslim influence in culture and architecture that can be seen throughout the city. One of the most notable examples of Muslim architecture in Córdoba is the Mezquita de Córdoba. The Mezquita de Córdoba is a former mosque but has since been converted into a cathedral. The mosque was originally constructed in the late 8th century during Al-Andalus. Before learning more about the Mezquita de Córdoba, it is important that you first learn a bit about the historical Muslim rule over Spain and Córdoba. The period of Muslim rule over Spain is known as Al-Andalus and lasted from 711 to 1492. In 711, Córdoba was taken over and largely destroyed by Muslim invaders. Then in 756 under the rule of Umayyad ruler Abd al-Rahman I, Córdoba was designated the capital of Muslim Spain. Under Umayyad rule, Córdoba was expanded and grew to be one of the most culturally diverse cities in Europe. Throughout this time, Córdoba was growing in size and as a result, many mosques were constructed, including the Mesquita de Córdoba. 

Hypostyle Prayer Hall inside the Mezquita de Córdoba

As the capital of Muslim Spain, the influence of Muslim architecture in Córdoba is very prevalent in its architecture, streets, and culture. Although the Mezquita de Córdoba is now a Christian cathedral, the Islamic influence on its architecture is still evident. The construction of the Mezquita de Córdoba was ordered by Abd al-Rahman I in 784. It was expanded in the 9th and 10th centuries and by the 13th century, it was converted to a cathedral. While it was still a mosque, it was one of the largest and most important mosques in the Islamic empire. The Mezquita de Córdoba is known by various other names such as the Great Mosque of Córdoba and it is locally known as Mezquita-Catedral. The building features many different aspects of a typical Islamic mosque including a hypostyle prayer hall, courtyard, and minaret. The prayer hall is one of the most impressive and recognizable features of the building because of the mesmerizing symmetry of the dozens of arches and columns that fill the hall. The arches are made of stone and red brick and help create a truly beautiful space. The building also features a large, central dome that is covered in gold mosaics and ribs that cross over each other to create pointed arches. The Mezquita de Córdoba is a prime example of the extraordinary structures created under Muslim rule in Córdoba, making the city a desirable destination for both students and professors looking to study abroad in Spain.

Pictured above is the dome inside the Mezquita de Córdoba.

For more information on Córdoba’s history and the Mezquita de Córdoba, feel free to check out the links below.

https://mezquita-catedraldecordoba.es/en/

https://www.lonelyplanet.com/spain/andalucia/cordoba/attractions/mezquita/a/poi-sig/1189075/360732

https://theculturetrip.com/europe/spain/articles/the-history-of-cordoba-spain

The Royal Alcazar of Seville

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The Royal Alcazar of Seville is a structure of complex palaces created by numerous monarchs and was declared a world heritage site by UNESCO in 1987. The Royal Alcazar is Europe’s oldest palace in use and the structure itself originates back to the 11th century due to Muslim authorities deciding to build a fortress to guarantee security for Seville. Specifically, it was designed to protect the plaza on the banks of the Guadalquivir river and accommodate the Muslim king’s residence while acting as the office for the state administration.

Despite being a one thousand year old architecture of Seville, the structure was kept well preserved due to each of the monarchs who ruled the palace upholding great admiration for it and contributing to the design. The Royal Alcazar encompasses vestiges from all ages from the Caliphate of Cordova to the modern day. 

With the Royal Alcazar being made up of diverse palaces and gardens that were designed during different historical periods, the structure offers a wide range of styles and combinations of different elements of Muslim, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, and Romantic art.

When Ferdinand III, King of Castile, conquered Seville in 1248 he had only 4 years to admire the structure before dying within its walls. His successor, Alfonso X, also shared admiration for the Muslim architecture and decided to build his own palace inside the Alcazar of Seville using the Gothic art style.

During the second half of the 14th century, Peter I, King of Castile, had a cultural and religious tolerance towards the Muslim and Jewish religion and heavily admired the Islamic culture. Because of this tolerance, he utilized Arab artisans to build a new palace between 1364 and 1366 which is now known as the Palace of King Peter I. This palace was converted into the regular residence of the Kings of Castile and was later occupied by the Kings of Spain.

Another room of importance inside the Alcazar of Seville was the House of Trade which was a room that became the meeting point for the nobility that participated in hunts organized by the Spanish Kings. In the year 1504, it served a purpose to control trade with the Americas and became the center of the first global empire in the history of mankind. It controlled and monopolized American goods coming into the Sevillian port and was the place of creating laws that regulated trade.

The gardens of the Royal Alcazar were created during Muslim rule and every detail was taken into account to stimulate the senses with a variety of herbs and flowers as well as trees ordered in geometric patterns. The Muslim constructed the garden similar to an oasis tied with the ideals of the Koran that had views on a garden paradise. However, after the Christian Conquest for the reign of Emperor Charles V, the ancient Muslim gardens changed from their original layout to adapt to the changing tastes of the royal court over the large period of time the palace was occupied. 

Whether you’re a student or professor, taking a tour of the Royal Alcazar is an excellent way to gain an understanding of the beautiful structures created by a vast majority of people with different backgrounds and art styles. Also, with it being a world heritage site, it’s a must thing to do if you ever find yourself in Seville. For more information, please check out the Further Information page.

Segovia Cuisine

The cuisine of a country is an authentic look into their food and what they produce. According to Wild in his article Eating Spain: National Cuisine since 1990, Spain located in the middle of Europe has influences from all over the world. Spain’s cuisine is a mixture of all different countries cuisine which is what makes Spain’s gastronomy so unique. Spain is split into different regions which consist of different cuisine. Looking further into the middle part of Spain there is the city Segovia. Segovia is known for its Aqueduct that brings in many people for that attraction but also its Jewish influence. It has beautiful architecture from the buildings to the church. As a tourist this brings in the question of what the cuisine is like in Segovia.  According to Wild, there are elements to the Spanish cuisine that appeal to tourists, “Dominated by heavy flavors of olive oil, garlic and saffron, the Spanish flavor palate would have been accessible to most European tourists.” Tourists are attracted to what they like but also want to try new food, which is perfect for those that try the Segovia cuisine.

Let’s begin with protein, a stable in everyone’s diet. Segovia’s most popular meals all include protein as a main component, which appeals to many. The popular choice in Segovia is pork products but also include sausage, lamb, and fish. One of Segovia’s allures is their dish called Cochinillo. This dish is also known as Roasted Sucking Pig which is a piglet that is cooked and served to eat. The perfect Cochinillo should have soft and tender meat with crispy skin on the outside. This dish is usually served whole and on its own because of the impact of the flavor. Cochinillo is one of Segovia’s well-known dishes that is claimed to be delicious and should be tried. Next is the Lamb which is also called Cordero Asado. This dish has many similarities to Cochinillo but differs in the meat. Cordero Asado is roasted lamb with a tender soft inside and a crispy outside. This dish is either served as suckling lamb or lamb legs. Mostly this dish is served alone but sometimes can be served with sides that include a type of potato or salad. If you are missing the sea and want some seafood, Segovia serves delicious trout. The trout is accompanied by ham cooked inside it and potatoes on the side.

Cochinillo

Another staple of Segovia is their stews and soups. If you are looking for a meal that is authentic to Segovia, then Judiones de la Granja stew answers the call. Judiones de la Granja are locally grown farm beans. These beans can be found in other recipes but are mostly found in their stews. Judiones de la Granja stew is a meal that includes beans, chorizo, and sausage. Another soup to try is Sopa Castellana with ham being one of the main ingredients.

Judiones de la Granja

Segovia also serves locally produced wine that would pair well with the dishes above.

If you have a sweet tooth, I have the desserts for you. Segovia has great options for dessert. Known for its sweetness is the sponge cake Ponche Segoviano. This cream-filled cake with almond flavoring is a staple in Segovia and has a lot of history behind it too. Another dessert to try is Florones, a puff pastry, which is a Segovia tradition. Per tradition locals eat them on October 25th to honor Saint Frutos.

Ponche Segoviano

If you are looking for a cuisine that appeals to many taste buds and ages this is the perfect place. Segovia has plenty of options for meals. With their wide variety of meats, stews, beans, wine, and desserts there is an array of choices for everyone. While highlighting some of the most popular dishes in Segovia there are plenty of other meals to try in Segovia as well.

Further Information

Wild, Matthew J., “Eating Spain: National Cuisine Since 1900” (2015). Theses and Dissertations–Hispanic Studies. 24. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/hisp_etds/24

https://www.deliartfoods.com/segovia-spain-what-to-see-do-and-eat-on-vacation/

https://www.spain.info/en/route/segovia-one-day/

https://bake-street.com/en/ponche-segoviano-traditional-cake/

https://iberinbound.com/destination/dishes-of-segovia/

An Ancient Journey: El Camino de Santiago

The Camino de Santiago–the Walk of Saint James–is the pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela in honor of the titular saint. This UNESCO World Heritage Site is a very old pilgrimage from the 10th century and is one of three largest ones to exist. This has been attractive to thousands of people from varying backgrounds over the hundreds of years. This is an excellent opportunity to meet diverse travelers while practicing language skills! Along the way, you’ll see historic sites like St. Mary’s Cathedral (on French Way) and glorious landscapes that really enhance a lovely or even spiritual journey. Walking pilgrims (or bicigrinos–biking pilgrims) can appreciate the beautiful views, commune with nature, and search for religious epiphanies or peace, if they so choose.

Interestingly, there are multiple ways to arrive at the city proper. It all depends on where you decide to begin. Take a look at the map or visit this explanatory site to deliberate on which trailway would be best for you and your group. Depending on which one you choose, the terrain may be flat or rocky; the weather may be humid or brisk; the views may be mountainous or dispersed with fields. You also don’t have to complete the entire thing, as that would be incredibly difficult if you were leading a handful of students–many people complete the last handful of miles into Santiago de Compostela. (Although if you want to get the official certificate in Santiago, you have to complete 100 km of walking or 200 km of biking.) Just in case you lose your way, you must pack a map, but you can also download this app that has successfully led travelers through all of the different routes.

But why has it been so popular for so long? Even today, there has been a recent surge in pilgrims once again traveling the Camino. Félix Duque wrote a fascinating article on the anthropology and philosophy behind this pilgrimage phenomenon, particularly in regards to the Camino itself. It would be an interesting and enlightening assignment to ask yourself and your students why one might go on this pilgrimage, on a personal as well as a more broad level. What kind of philosophy are you applying to your journey? If something so beautiful exists, does it have a more sinister binary in its history in order to restore balance? How does myth and legend influence history? Walking this Camino would encourage a compelling discussion on how pilgrimages affect the human psyche. Here you can watch a wonderful documentary about a woman named Stephanie Hurtado and her own journey. (Quite helpfully, she lists exactly what she packed for her trip and the exact breakdown of her trip in kilometers.) She actually gets to “The End of the World” which is past the city and to the coastline where the view of the city is breathtaking. Finally, she says her goodbyes to the city and to her father who died not long after this hike. Everyone who goes on the Camino has their reasons for why, and her experience would be an excellent model to all would-be pilgrims. Are you ready to face your own why on the Camino de Santiago?

Works Cited:

“Camino de Santiago. All you need to know.” CaminoWays.com. https://caminoways.com/camino-de-santiago#:~:text=The%20Camino%20de%20Santiago%20routes%20are%20a%20network%20of%20many,for%20every%20interest%20and%20ability.

“Camino de Santiago Documentary | Walk Through Fire.” YouTube. uploaded by Stefanie Hurtado, May 19, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U2mrbhPhASA.

“Camino de Santiago Routes, how to Choose the BEST for you.” Marly Camino. 2017. https://marlycamino.com/right-camino-de-santiago-route/.

“Camino Routes.” Follow the Camino. https://followthecamino.com/en/camino-de-santiago-routes/.

Duque, Félix. “Via Stellarum—via Crucis: A Philosophical Approach to the ‘Camino de Santiago.’” Anthropology and Aesthetics, no. 63-64, 2013, pp. 267–78. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23647769.

Royal Botanic Gardens of Madrid

The Royal Botanic Gardens of Madrid are perfect for those who love horticulture! The Garden of Madrid can be found next to the Prado Museum, and can make a perfect afternoon or day visit! Within the gardens one can find over 5,00 different species of plants. The gardens themselves also have an extensive history. While first installed by King Ferdinad VI in 1755 in a different city, the gardens were then moved by King Charles to be installed in Madrid where you can find them now. The gardens themselves include a variety of green house areas, and terraces. The gardens also provide a cafeteria so you can stop and have lunch along the way! The gardens also hold many events during the year. During the Chritistmas season the gardens put on a light show which you can read more about here!  The gardens also remain open all year around! 

For more information about events held in the gardens click here! 

For more information about what to see when visiting the gardens, ticket prices, and hours click here! 

A Ten Day Party Endorsed by the Church

One of the most fascinating and exciting events in Santiago de Compostela is the Feast of Saint James. Traditional legend states that this saint brought Christianity to the Iberian Peninsula and checked the spread of the Moors (Coffey 1996), so commemorating Saint James in this way has been a time-honored tradition in a nation with deep roots in Catholicism. Check out the schedule for the celebration here! Since Santiago de Compostela is where the remains of the city’s patron saint was supposedly found, this celebration is a days long event that leads up to honoring Saint James on July 25. Oftentimes, people will make their pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela end on the 25th, so that they can end their journey with a big celebration the night before and attend religious observances the next day. The streets are filled with street performers and parades; classic food dishes will be available to purchase everywhere; and music plays loudly in the city as locals celebrate Senor Santiago (Saint James). Check out a fireworks and lightshow illuminating the cathedral’s facade that one traveler recorded at the Plaza del Obradoiro on the 24th. Students will get to practice their language skills and immerse themselves into culture while also partying hard with the locals!

One of the religious observances is held in this Santiago de Compostela Cathedral, and it includes ceremoniously swinging a botafumeiro (a type of censer that holds incense) via a pulley system that was installed in 1604. It weighs about 80 kg and must be swung by multiple clergymen. In this video, you can see the botafumeiro while listening to the beautiful sound of an organ and vocal accompaniment resonating in the nave. If you would like to visit this cathedral, it is free to enter and explore the main nave; if you would like a more detailed tour to visit the roof, the attached museums, or the beautiful botafumeiro, you will need to purchase a ticket here or at the cathedral itself, although large groups are encouraged to book tours in advance. This tour is estimated to be about two hours long–an excellent outing that is inexpensive for all students!

Works Cited

Coffey, Thomas F., et al. “The Miracles of St. James: Translations from the Liber Sancti Jacobi.” Italica Press, Inc., 1996. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1t88vn5.

“Feast of St. James Santiago de Compostela Dia de Santiago.” YouTube. uploaded by Mad Traveler, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9knrudDiR0.

“Festival of St. James, Santiago de Compostella 2017 | Camino de Santiago.” YouTube. uploaded by Cruisin’ with the Colemans, 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZraNd2G7FxI.

“Feast of Saint James the Apostle 2024 in Spain.” Time and Date, 2023, https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/spain/santiago-apostle.

“Santiago de Compostela Cathedral Guided Tour.” Hellotickets. https://www.hellotickets.com/spain/santiago-de-compostela/cathedral-guided-tour/a/pa-1990.

“Swinging the Censer at Santiago de Compostela, Spain.” YouTube. uploaded by Anthony W, 2022, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s-N_kvq4JJY.

Theatre in Madrid

Madrid has a wide variety of concert halls and if you are into live performances and theatre, Teatro María Guerrero would be a perfect place to visit! Music, dance, zarzuela, and comedy are the types of live performances you can see at Madrid’s theatres! The María Guerrero is right near the Art Walk. The María Guerrero opened in 1885 as the “Princess Theatre” It changed its name in 1931 as a tribute to the last owner María Guerrera who was also a Spanish actress. The civil war caused the theatre to be closed until 1940.

The Theatre contains a neoclassical main façade and porch it is filled with a lot of rich decorations in the entrance foyer and the entrance staircase. The main theatre hall has 622 seats and is unique for its horseshoe layout. There is also a second theatre hall today that is called the original name “Princess Hall” that holds 120 seats.

Another one of Madrid’s great theatres is the Teatro Real. Teatro Real is Madrid’s Opera house. The building consists of numerous architectural styles and the main feature is the theatres big stage area. The theatre has several halls that can be rented for different events. Each hall is differently designed and include elements from national heritage and the Prado Museum. The theatre also offers guided tours!

For the students and professors who love theatre, learn more below!

For more information about the María Guerrero, click here!

For more information about the Teatro Real, click here!

Teatro Real

Teatro María Guerrero

Catedral de Almudena

The Catedral de Almudena is one of Spain’s most magnificent churches and is located next to the royal palace. This site is perfect for history and architecture lovers! The history of this Church started in 1879 when Madrid finally got underway in the planning of this cathedral. The building of the cathedral was a very slow process due to lack of funds and also the passing of the original architect. In 1911 construction of the cathedral was stopped and not started again until 1950 due to the Spanish Civil War. The façade was not completed until 1960, but the entire cathedral was not completed until 1993 which is when the cathedral was finally consecrated by Pope John Paul II.

The interior of the cathedral consist of beautiful Neo-Gothic features and covered in different colors on the ceiling and the amazing stained glass windows. Unlike the classical style these features make the cathedral different than other cathedrals built during this time.

There is not just beauty and history to this cathedral, there is also a museum on the inside! La Almudena Cathedral Museum has a variety of items that represent the history of the diocese of Madrid. Almudena Cathedral is a great spot for professors and students to visit when studying abroad due to its short but crazy history and its unique architecture!

Further Reading/Information

Get to know Segovia the City:

The Encyclopedia Britannica is a great place to start research or if you are looking for a general information. Explore Segovia’s history such as the rich textile industry, how Alfonso X and many other monarchs once lived in the Palace of Alcazar, the beautiful buildings and features such as the Roman Aqueduct and the Cathedral.

Also, there is Spain.info, the official Spanish tourism website. Which includes detailed notes on of the key each location throughout the city, transportation, and how to make the most of your trip no matter the length. With such great resources in hand and the elegant structures to see, why not create a detailed plan to visit Segovia in your upcoming study abroad trip? Being prepared will not only help you assure you see all the sights, but also explore other cultures, histories, and foods! Make your once in a lifetime opportunity extra special, it will keep you in love with traveling and of Spain.

Notable Key Figure:

Segovia was and is home to many important figures Such as Arsenio-Martinez-Campos, a primer minister of Spain who also served a Captain-General in Cuba. He was known for fighting in many battles such as the Spanish-American War, in Africa, Cuba, and in Spain, where he helped restore the monarchy. Many sources of exists of his life and legacy such as:

Earl R. Beck’s The Martínez Campos Government of 1879: Spain’s Last Chance in Cuba

Explore Martínez Campos’ efforts to maintain Cuba as one of the last of the colonies to declare independence. As he tried to create reforms to further enhance the government, politics, and the economy, even when such reforms were unpopular with the Liberal Conservative Party. While Campos’s vision was not implemented, he showcases the importance of having different strategies to approaching different issues. Read more to see just how important figures play an important role in history, while also expanding upon your knowledge of the scholarship and histography of Spanish history and culture.

Beck, Earl R. “The Martínez Campos Government of 1879: Spain’s Last Chance in Cuba.” The Hispanic American Historical Review 56, no. 2 (1976): 268–89. https://doi.org/10.2307/2514327.

Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Arsenio Martínez Campos." Encyclopedia Britannica, September 19, 2023. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Arsenio-Martinez-Campos.

Rodriguez, V.. "Segovia." Encyclopedia Britannica, September 30, 2015. https://www.britannica.com/place/Segovia-province-Spain

Wikimedia Commons contributors, "File:General Arsenio Martínez Campos (1831-1900).jpg," Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:General_Arsenio_Mart%C3%ADnez_Campos_(1831-1900).jpg&oldid=709547513 (accessed November 19, 2023).

Zuloaga and the Museum of Segovia

Located beneath the Cathedral of Segovia, the Museum of Segovia has everything you would want in examining Spain’s unique history through art.  Across three stories, the museum is home to seven permeant exhibits including: “Segovia in time. The Roots of History,” “The Late Middle Ages: Church, Nobility and Common People,” and “The Bourbons and the Enlightenment to the 20th Century.” Including paleolithic artifacts to the present day, these unique stories being presence to less discussed in of history, creating a fuller understanding of the periods. If you are student and love history, art, and culture, then the museum of Segovia is a great opportunity to build upon your interests. Not only is it free, but it is also home to Zuloaga Museum Ignacio Zuloaga, the renowned painter, was known for his highly detailed landscapes, many of which captured the essence of Segovia and many key locations. Such as the Roman Aqueduct in “Aqueduct and San Justo:”

Art is important in two main respects: it tells a story of when it was written, and it inspires us today as we continue to explore the countless possibilities of the artist’s intention and our own interpretations. The wonder of art and history allows us to see through a window of time, as every culture is different, there is so much to learn and explore. This undoubtedly true when visiting the Musuem of Segovia, such art pieces has inspired many for centuries, just as it does today. The opportunity to travel abroad is chance to examine such treasures for yourself and see firsthand the history of Spain through the testaments of time.

León, Junta de Castilla y. “Museo de Segovia.” Museos Castilla y León. Accessed November 19, 2023.    https://museoscastillayleon.jcyl.es/web/es/museosegovia/museo-segovia.html.