Basque Language Further Reading:

If you are interested in learning more about Euskera in Bilbao, check out these resources.

Eustat. “In 2021, 62.4% of people residing in the Basque Country had some knowledge of Basque.” Instituto Vasco de Estadística. October 27, 2022. https://en.eustat.eus/estad/id_16/ti_Population%20and%20housing%20census.%20Basque/latest-press-release.html.

Frolla, Michele. “99 Essential Basque (Euskara) Phrases for Your Trip to the Basque Country.” The Intrepid Guide, May 25, 2019, https://www.theintrepidguide.com/phrases-in-basque-language/#phrases.

Hualde, José Ignacio, Joseba Lakarra, and R. L. Trask. Towards a History of the Basque Language. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Pub. Co., 1995. http://site.ebrary.com/id/10458987.

Universidad de Deusto. “Euskara: Campus Bilbao.” Accessed April 18, 2025. https://www.deusto.es/es/inicio/estudia/estudios/idioma/euskara-bilbao.

Urla, Jacqueline. “Ethnic Protest and Social Planning: A Look at Basque Language Revival.” Cultural Anthropology 3, no. 4 (1988): 379–94. http://www.jstor.org/stable/656484.

The Iron Ring:

Tromans, Nicholas. “J. F. Lewis’s Carlist War Subjects.” The Burlington Magazine 139, no. 1136 (1997): 760–65. http://www.jstor.org/stable/887780.

Parker, A. A. “Carlism in the Spanish Civil War.” Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review 26, no. 103 (1937): 383–98. http://www.jstor.org/stable/30097437.

Silva, Milton M. da. “Modernization and Ethnic Conflict: The Case of the Basques.” Comparative Politics 7, no. 2 (1975): 227–51. https://doi.org/10.2307/421550.

Heiberg, Marianne. “Insiders/Outsiders : Basque Nationalism.” European Journal of Sociology / Archives Européennes de Sociologie / Europäisches Archiv Für Soziologie 16, no. 2 (1975): 169–93. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23998600.

Woodworth, Paddy. The Basque Country: A Cultural History. Digital ed. [England]: Andrews UK, 2012.

Bilbao, The History Of A City

1  Azkarate Garai-Olaun, Agustín. Arqueología en Bizkaia: El poblamiento antiguo del territorio de Vizcaya. Bilbao: Bizkaiko Foru Aldundia, 2003.

2  Collins, Roger. The Basques. Oxford: Blackwell, 1990.

3 Douglass, William A., and Jon Bilbao. Amerikanuak: Basques in the New World. Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1975.

4 Kurlansky, Mark. The Basque History of the World. New York: Walker & Company, 1999.

5   Payne, Stanley G. Spain: A Unique History. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2011.

6 Clark, Robert P. The Basques: The Franco Years and Beyond. Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1979.7 Frugoni, Chiara. A Distant City: Urban Life in the Middle Ages. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.

Bilbao Cuisine

“Cuisine of Basque Country – Google Arts & Culture.” Google, Google, artsandculture.google.com/story/cuisine-of-basque-country-real-academia-de-gastronomia-espa%C3%B1ola/CwVRqhHpxNB5KA?hl=en. Accessed 19 Apr. 2025.

Covadonga Aldamiz-Echevarría, M. Soledad Aguirre, and M. Gloria Aparicio. “Origins, Determinant Factors and Outcomes of a Successful Collaborative Process among Competitors and Other Actors: The Cluster of Basque Haute Cuisine.” Management Letters/Cuadernos de Gestión 14, no. 2 (2014): 51–72. https://doi.org/10.5295/cdg.120385ca. 

Sevilla, María José. Life and Food in the Basque Country. Blue Ridge Summit: New Amsterdam Books, 1998.