Enhancements

Children’s Literature

I was able to attend the honors convention in New Orleans with my partner to present our research for this enhancement surrounding banned books.

 

The Sociology of Eduction

I worked in a group to interview parents, teachers, and administrators surrounding the question “What makes a good teacher?”. All of this information was compiled in an essay.

Theater in the Classroom

I partnered with a school and filmed virtual science lessons for them that integrated theater and the arts.

Middle School Methods

I independently researched strategies and the effectiveness of both Content Area and Disciplinary Literacy in the middle school classroom and presented my findings in a taped presentation through screen-recording.

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Across the pond:The Journey from the philippines to America

On Friday November 26th, I spoke , once again, to my friend Josh Burden. Last time we talked, he told me about the difference in lifestyles between the Philippines and America. However, this time we talked about his journey to the United States. This is important because most of us at Longwood were born and raised in the United States. However, in Josh’s case he came here and had to adapt himself to a new way of life. Having a different point of view on transitioning to American lifestyle can be very informative and intriguing. It has expanded my mind and I hope it can expand yours.

Josh’s life in the Philippines was simple and ordinary from what he remembers. His family was not poor, or having any economic struggles. He remembers life just being normal. He said he was happy and was just living like an average Filipino kid. Josh mentioned that he lived in a suburban area, but visited family members who had farms, and some who lived in the city. Josh holds his family to very high regards and misses them dearly.

Josh was 9 years old when he moved to America. Josh’s family moved to America because his mom got a job here. From how Josh remembers, it was very sudden and random. He was excited and nervous for the move. He knew he would be living in America and only returning to occasionally visit. Although he did not have much say in the decision making process, Josh was willing to take on the new life ahead of him.

Josh’s first experiences in America were hard for him. His family moved here in the early summer, so it was difficult for him to meet new friends since school had not started. He said those few months were rough for him, but he remained optimistic. Over that summer, he did learn more English and he said that really helped him when it came time to go to school. Josh loved sports and because of that used sports to make friends. Overtime, Josh found his clique of friends and began to settle in to his new way of life. Josh mentioned that he did struggle with English American subjects in the classroom. Subjects such as US history and English. Even after years of living here it still was hard for him. I believe this is because as Americans we were raised on these subjects where as a foreigner, like Josh, would definitely struggle with this.

Josh strongly felt he had adjusted to US culture. Prior to our two interviews, I had no idea he had not lived in America his whole life. Josh told me about all of his baseball friends from home and told me some of their stories. To me they sounded like a typical group of American guys that like to have fun. Josh has no regret on his life in America and has had so many great experiences. He even joked and said if I never moved to America then I never would have gotten to have Chick-fil-a. Josh got to play baseball for his high school and became a very well liked guy in his area. Currently, Josh feels good about his place at Longwood and in America. He personally doesn’t have any challenges due to his immigrant life, but rather just normal challenges any college kid would have. Although he misses his family back home, Josh has nothing but good things to say about his journey to America. Josh plans to live in America in the future, but will never hesitate to visit the Philippines if he is able to.

Hearing Josh’s stories in our past two interviews has taught me a lot. As I stated earlier, prior to our interviews, I had no idea Josh was not born and raised in America. Although he had his struggles, Josh came out on top. I think anybody can learn from this. We all may fear a new challenge or new path ahead, but if we take it on with optimism and an open mind anything is possible.

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Leaving Home For a better Tomorrow

“Serbia was getting bombed. I was too young to remember and we weren’t directly affected, but obviously that’s not a place you want to be with that going on.” My friend Pavle was born in Serbia in 1997 during the later years of the Yugoslav Wars. Yugoslavia had dissolved in 1990 and conflict had arisen between the new countries and ethnic groups within the region. His parents would have to leave behind their home in order to give their children a better, safer life.

His parents knew that they would eventually have to leave the area. His family was in Belgrade, Serbia. This area was much safer than others within the region, but it was certainly not the ideal place to be at that time. Immigration can be a tough process. I find that a recurring theme in immigration is that families leave behind their homes, culture, and people in order to secure a better future for their children. It’s an inspiring act of selflessness. To take a risk and do something that is bigger than just yourself. That is what Pavle’s parents did.

Pavle was very young when these events were going on in Serbia. He doesn’t remember specifics of exactly what was happening, but from talking with his father, he does know that the economy was a mess and the government was extremely corrupt. Times were tough for his family back then during the wars as they did not have a lot of money thanks to the socialist government that imposed heavy taxes on it’s people.

Pavle’s parents had enough eventually. Some of his mom’s family had been in the U.S. for a few years already. They lived in Richmond, Virginia which is where Pavle ended up. “They wanted a better life for their kids” said Pavle. Like many others that immigrate to the U.S. from places in turmoil, they saw America as the land of opportunity.

Pavle arrived in the U.S. at the age of 5 in 2002. He didn’t speak much English and he described that as being quite the initial hurdle for him. Adjusting to life among American kids was hard for him at that age. His lack of experience with English made him an easy target for kids to make fun of him. He said that some kids would make fun of his accent and broken English. He said that once he was able to speak English better, things at school got much easier for him and he was able to make more friends. He said it didn’t take him as long as he had expected to feel like he fit in.

He had cousins who had already been living in Virginia for a few years and spoke better English than him which helped him a lot. Before he had a lot of friends, he spent most of his time with his cousins. “Serbian families really tend to stick together, I guess it’s just part of the culture” he said.

Pavle now feels that America is his home. He said coming here at a young age made the adjustment much easier. He feels that if he was older when he had first arrived in the states, things might have been more difficult. He has been back to Serbia multiple times, as he still has some family over there. “It’s different now and things are a lot better. Pretty much a different country now. I like going back but this is my home now and I wouldn’t want to live in Serbia again even though it’s a much better place these days,” he said.

Pavle says that coming to America was the right choice. He appreciates the sacrifice his parents made coming here and starting anew. He knew they wanted more opportunities for their children and he’s grateful for that. He is a college graduate, has a good job, his own place, and plenty of friends. He enjoys his life here and says that he’s not sure if things would have been as good for him had his family stayed in Serbia. Although he considers himself to be very Americanized, he still feels connected to his Serbian roots especially when in the company of family.

Immigration is not always easy, often times it can be difficult for families to uproot themselves and start a new life somewhere else. I think the take away from this story is that people who immigrate are always seeking to make things better for themselves and their families. We should also be mindful of the sacrifice these people make to come here. Starting a new life across the world is difficult, especially when coming from a fractured home country.

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Faculty Wellness Days – December 1st, and December 6th-10th

Final exam week can be a challenging time for faculty and staff to maintain our wellness. CAFE is offering mini-breaks and healthy activities for mind, body, and soul. Here is the full list of events:

Win some wellness raffles

Every time you attend one of the wellness activities listed below, your name will be entered in a raffle for a plethora of gift cards and apparel. Prizes have been donated by Barnes and Noble, Press Club, Weyanoke, 119, and Greens to Go (Aramark).

Aramark is also providing two “gift bags” filled with wellness items. For any faculty or staff member that purchases a new or additional meal plan between now and December 31st will be entered to win the bags. Purchasing a Block 10 plan (10 meals) will get them 1 chance for the bags. Purchasing a Block 40 plan (40 meals) will get them 4 chances for the bags. Since Faculty and Staff meal plans don’t expire, any blocks purchased will add up and be there until used.

Difficult moments of choice: Strategies for Mindfulness and “Wise Minds” for Educators
Facilitator:       Jenny Retallick, Assistant Director of Well-Being Programming, Licensed Clinical Psychologist
Date:               Wednesday, December 1st from 3-4:30pm
Register@:      https://forms.gle/FYsycNDFkXmeKzMm6

At this point in the semester, your needs and your students’ needs might be in dialectical tension. We are tired, yet they need more of our time and we have end of semester course and service responsibilities.  How do we balance our own wellness with the increase in student needs? Using Dialectical Behavioral Therapy and real life examples, we will discuss strategies and tools you can use to increase the likelihood of maintaining your wellness during stressful periods.  ​

Wellness Bags
Sponsor:        Aramark and the College of Business and Economics
Date:             Starting on December 6th until they’re gone
Location:        CAFE Lounge, Allen 310

The Longwood Dining Wellness Bags are a wholesome way to get started with some healthy snacks. These health conscious snacks include snack bars that are packed with nutrients, protein, and fiber, as well as whole fruit and heart healthy cereals. Also included will be Faculty/Staff meal plan information to support those health conscious professionals on campus that want healthy options right here on campus.

Chair massage
Sponsor:        Greenwood Library
Massage Therapist:      Amy Nelson
Dates:            Tuesday, December 7th, 9 am-12 pm & Wednesday, December 8th, 8 am-12 pm
Location:        Greenwood Library Room 147

Come to the Library for a 12-minute chair massage from licensed massage therapist Amy Nelson! Space is limited to registration is required.

Yoga for faculty and staff
Instructor:      Eleanor Kent
Date:             See options below
Location:        Fitness Center’s Group Exercise Room (membership not required)
Zoom:             https://longwood-edu.zoom.us/j/97720047384?pwd=ZEg1c1FBUlo0azJtYUIvL2pSVVV1dz09

Eleanor Kent teaches yoga designed for all ability levels: she will coach you through different levels of each pose or exercise to accommodate a wide range of physical conditioning. The class on Thursday is chair yoga—no need to get up and down or wear any special clothes.

  • Monday, December 6th, 2:00-3:00 pm | Fitness Center, Group Fitness room
  • Thursday, December 9th, 2:00-3:00 pm Chair Yoga |Fitness Center. Room 307
  • Friday, December 10th, 4:00-5:00 pm | Fitness Center Group Fitness room

Meditation for faculty and staff (New meditators)
Guide:            Renee Gutiérrez
Date:             10:45-10:55 am, December 6th-10th

New to meditation? Wondering what it’s all about? Join Renee Gutiérrez to get a start on this healthful, mindful practice. These starter sessions last for 10 minutes, no registration required.

Meditation for faculty and staff (Established meditators)
Guide:            Renee Gutiérrez
Date:             11:00-11:20am, December 6th-10th
Location:        CAFE Lounge, Allen 310
Zoom:             https://longwood-edu.zoom.us/j/97720047384?pwd=ZEg1c1FBUlo0azJtYUIvL2pSVVV1dz09

Already have an established meditation practice? Join in with others to help your accountability during a busy week. You can meditate in person or via Zoom. Sessions last only 20 minutes, and no registration is required.

Grading Pomodoros
Facilitator:      CAFE Staff
Date:             See options below
Location:        CAFE Lounge, Allen 310
Zoom:            https://longwood-edu.zoom.us/j/97720047384?pwd=ZEg1c1FBUlo0azJtYUIvL2pSVVV1dz09

Faculty, join CAFE staff in person or via Zoom to work on your grading during finals week. Grade in community, using the pomodoro technique by Francesco Cirillo that encourages productivity. 

  • Tuesday, December 7th, 2:00-3:30pm with Adam Franssen
  • Wednesday, December 8th, 6:30-8:00pm with Pam Tracy
  • Thursday, December 9th, 9:00-10:30am with Renee Gutiérrez
  • Friday, December 10th, 2:00-3:30pm with Renee Gutiérrez

Walk High Bridge Trail for faculty and staff. 
Facilitator:      Renee Gutiérrez
Date:             Wednesday, December 8th, 2:00-3:00 pm
Location:        High Bridge Trail
Registration:   https://forms.gle/Wiosmt3wmypjatbX6

Join Renee for some exercise as you appreciate the natural beauty of the High Bridge Trail. Walk as far as you like, at your pace or with others. We’ll gather at the Main Street LOVE sign at 2:00 pm.

Research Focus Symposium – Save the Date!

Day 1 – Wednesday, January 5th
Day 2 – Thursday, January 6th 

CAFE is pleased to announce our 2nd annual pre-spring semester symposium. This year’s event is designed to help advance your research agenda, whether you’re just starting out or looking to publish your work. We’ve invited area experts to facilitate 10 research-related workshops. This year’s topics are: developing your research agenda, using institutional data, conducting research with students, following IACUC/IRB guidelines, SOTL, publishing, copyright, and grant writing. The symposium will conclude with a 2-hour session to implement what you’ve learned and plan a productive semester of research. All sessions will be available on Zoom. We hope you’ll join us! ​

Promotion and Tenure Portfolio Workshops

Professional Portfolio Writing Session
Facilitator:       Adam Franssen, Assistant Director of CAFE
Date:               Thursday, December 2nd from 3:30-5pm
Location:         Allen 310 w/ Zoom option
Register@:      https://forms.gle/sFxv5Q3cTLYZRU9e7

This 90 minute writing session is time designated for all first year tenure track faculty, clinicians, honors faculty, lecturers, and librarians to work on their portfolios before the December 9th submission date. During this time, participants will write their professional portfolios in community, using the pomodoro technique. CAFE provides space, snacks, and stress relief items. A CAFE staff member will also be present to consult if participants would like to discuss their writing to get past obstacles to completion of their work.

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Faculty Wellness Days December 1, December 6-10, 2021

Faculty Wellness Days – December 1st, and December 6th-10th

Final exam week can be a challenging time for faculty and staff to maintain our wellness. CAFE is offering mini-breaks and healthy activities for mind, body, and soul. Here is the full list of events:

Raffle

Every time you attend one of the wellness activities listed below, your name will be entered in a raffle for a plethora of gift cards and apparel. Prizes have been donated by Barnes and Noble, Press Club, Weyanoke, 119, and Greens to Go (Aramark).

Difficult moments of choice: Strategies for Mindfulness and “Wise Minds” for Educators
Facilitator:       Jenny Retallick, Assistant Director of Well-Being Programming, Licensed Clinical Psychologist
Date:               Wednesday, December 1st from 3-4:30pm
Register@:      https://forms.gle/FYsycNDFkXmeKzMm6

At this point in the semester, your needs and your students’ needs might be in dialectical tension. We are tired, yet they need more of our time and we have end of semester course and service responsibilities.  How do we balance our own wellness with the increase in student needs? Using Dialectical Behavioral Therapy and real life examples, we will discuss strategies and tools you can use to increase the likelihood of maintaining your wellness during stressful periods.  ​

Healthy snack bags for faculty
Sponsor:        Aramark and the College of Business and Economics
Date:             Starting on December 6th until they’re gone
Location:        CAFE Lounge, Allen 310

These bags have information about wellness and some tasty, healthy foods. Faculty, please pop by and pick one up!

Chair massage
Sponsor:        Greenwood Library
Masseuse:      Amy Nelson
Dates:            Tuesday, December 7th, 9 am-12 pm & Wednesday, December 8th, 8 am-12 pm
Location:        Greenwood Library Room 147

Come to the Library for a 12-minute chair massage from local massage therapist Amy Nelson! Space is limited to registration is required.

Faculty and staff registration for Tuesday:

Yoga for faculty and staff
Instructor:      Eleanor Kent
Date:             See options below
Location:        Fitness Center’s Group Exercise Room (membership not required)
Zoom:             https://longwood-edu.zoom.us/j/97720047384?pwd=ZEg1c1FBUlo0azJtYUIvL2pSVVV1dz09

Eleanor Kent teaches yoga designed for all ability levels: she will coach you through different levels of each pose or exercise to accommodate a wide range of physical conditioning. The class on Thursday is chair yoga—no need to get up and down or wear any special clothes.

Monday, December 6th, 2:00-3:00 pm | Fitness Center, Group Fitness room

  • Thursday, December 9th, 2:00-3:00 pm Chair Yoga |Fitness Center. Room 307
  • Friday, December 10th, 4:00-5:00 pm | Fitness Center Group Fitness room

Meditation for faculty and staff (New meditators)
Guide:            Renee Gutiérrez
Date:             10:45-10:55 am, December 6th-11th

New to meditation? Wondering what it’s all about? Join Renee Gutiérrez to get a start on this healthful, mindful practice. These starter sessions last for 10 minutes, no registration required.

Meditation for faculty and staff (Established meditators)
Guide:            Renee Gutiérrez
Date:             11:00-11:20am, December 6th-11th
Location:        CAFE Lounge, Allen 310
Zoom:             https://longwood-edu.zoom.us/j/97720047384?pwd=ZEg1c1FBUlo0azJtYUIvL2pSVVV1dz09

Already have an established meditation practice? Join in with others to help your accountability during a busy week. You can meditate in person or via Zoom. Sessions last only 20 minutes, and no registration is required.

Grading Pomodoros
Facilitator:      CAFE Staff
Date:             See options below
Location:        CAFE Lounge, Allen 310
Zoom:            https://longwood-edu.zoom.us/j/97720047384?pwd=ZEg1c1FBUlo0azJtYUIvL2pSVVV1dz09

Faculty, join CAFE staff in person or via Zoom to work on your grading during finals week. Grade in community, using the pomodoro technique by Francesco Cirillo that encourages productivity. 

  • Tuesday, December 7th, 2:00-3:30pm with Adam Franssen
  • Wednesday, December 8th, 6:30-8:00pm with Pam Tracy
  • Thursday, December 9th, 9:00-10:30am with Renee Gutiérrez
  • Friday, December 10th, 2:00-3:30pm with Renee Gutiérrez

Walk High Bridge Trail for faculty and staff. 
Facilitator:      Renee Gutiérrez
Date:             Wednesday, December 8th, 2:00-3:00 pm
Location:        High Bridge Trail
Registration:   https://forms.gle/Wiosmt3wmypjatbX6

Join Renee for some exercise as you appreciate the natural beauty of the High Bridge Trail. Walk as far as you like, at your pace or with others. We’ll gather at the Main Street LOVE sign at 2:00 pm.

Research Focus Symposium – Save the Date!

Day 1 – Wednesday, January 5th
Day 2 – Thursday, January 6th 

CAFE is pleased to announce our 2nd annual pre-spring semester symposium. This year’s event is designed to help advance your research agenda, whether you’re just starting out or looking to publish your work. We’ve invited area experts to facilitate 10 research-related workshops. This year’s topics are: developing your research agenda, using institutional data, conducting research with students, following IACUC/IRB guidelines, SOTL, publishing, copyright, and grant writing. The symposium will conclude with a 2-hour session to implement what you’ve learned and plan a productive semester of research. All sessions will be available on Zoom. We hope you’ll join us! ​

Promotion and Tenure Portfolio Workshops

Professional Portfolio Writing Session
Facilitator:       Adam Franssen, Assistant Director of CAFE
Date:               Thursday, December 2nd from 3:30-5pm
Location:         Allen 310 w/ Zoom option
Register@:      https://forms.gle/sFxv5Q3cTLYZRU9e7

This 90 minute writing session is time designated for all first year tenure track faculty, clinicians, honors faculty, lecturers, and librarians to work on their portfolios before the December 9th submission date. During this time, participants will write their professional portfolios in community, using the pomodoro technique. CAFE provides space, snacks, and stress relief items. A CAFE staff member will also be present to consult if participants would like to discuss their writing to get past obstacles to completion of their work.

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Moving to the Melting Pot: Dr. Viktoria Basham’s Story

According to Noa Baum, the core attribute that sets storytelling apart is the process of being together in the same space and time, sharing stories, creating a human connection. When this happens, there’s a shift in the brains cognitive function allowing the individual to suspend their disbelief and view the world through someone else’s perspective, without their identities feeling threatened through argumentation (TEDx Talks).  

I sat down with former international student, Dr. Viktoria Basham, to hear what it was like being raised and attending school in Bulgaria, and then what it was like to attend college outside the country. Not only did I listen to her stories, but I learned from them as well, and for the first time, caught a glimpse of how much courage and tenacity it takes to be an international student in America. 

Basham describes her time in Bulgaria before she departed for Washington and Lee University as normal, like any other kid. Her day started by waking up, eating breakfast, and putting on her makeup for school. After classes were finished, Basham and her friends would hangout and watch their favorite television shows. She would have the occasional argument and/or disagreement with her family, like every teenager, but nothing stood out as unordinary. 

She attended grades eighth through twelfth at the American College of Sofia in Bulgaria, the oldest American educational institution outside of the United States. One of the expectations, as Basham described it, was that at some point near the end of high school, one would make a decision about attending college, either in or out of Bulgaria. 

During our interview, Basham was talking about how “we” made the decision to attend college in the United States. This confused me, because from my American perspective, I decided what I wanted to do after high school. There was no “we” in my decision-making process. So, I asked, “was this decision made for you by your family?”

“I was really not one of those teenagers that mapped out [their] future from day one to the end,” Basham answered. “That’s why I needed a slight push from my mom and dad, so I would be thinking about what comes next.” She added that, when your young, you aren’t able to see things how adults view them, and if it were up to her, she would’ve probably been off drinking coffee with her friends.

When she first arrived in the United States at Washington and Lee University, Basham struggled to adjust to American culture. She stayed cooped up in her dorm room for the first two weeks of school fearing what people may think of her. “Once your far away, you realize you can’t hug your people, you can’t ask for help; you realize you’ve lost it all.” 

The first few weeks were very shocking; the food, the language, her family not being there, everything that defined her comfort zone had vanished.  On top of it all, whenever Basham opened her mouth to speak, people immediately knew she wasn’t from America.

Basham stated that once people realized she wasn’t from America, they would ask questions like, “where are you from?” This in and of itself wasn’t the problem for her. Rather, it was the intention behind the posed question that felt unwelcoming, and sometimes, imposed certain stereotypes.

She provided an example where someone assumed that she didn’t even speak English based on her nationality. They used exaggerated hand gestures and slowed speech, as if this would get their message across to someone who doesn’t speak English.

These types of intentions and actions have made her feel like she would never be accepted in American society. “You’re never going to be on the inside. You’re always going to be viewed as someone who came from the outside and is still kind of on the outside. Um, so that’s challenging.”

Basham said something that took me by surprise, that at least once a day, based on varying reasons, she can relate to Clifford the Big Red Dog. At first, I wasn’t sure what she meant. Then she explained, “You know, this ginormous red dog that’s kind and friendly, looking for a home, looking for family, but doesn’t really fit in. He’s never going to blend in,” she added. Some people will say he’s unique or special, while others will label him as weird or different.

That feeling of not blending in is something Basham feels will ever go away. She said that somedays she feels that her differences make her unique, special, awesome. But somedays she feels like people are judging and assuming that she’s “weird” because of her differences. 

“But I’ve also met wonderful people who are super excited about me coming from a different culture and they want to learn about my culture,” she commented. 

My final question to Basham was “do you feel like a member of U.S. society today?” Her answer was split. On one hand, when she returns to Bulgaria with an American husband, she feels like some people will feel that she betrayed her country by marrying an American. But she does feel like a member of U.S. society. “So at this point, I kinda feel like I have two homes, but at the same time, homeless.”

Looking back, Basahm stated that she wouldn’t change a single thing. Neither the good nor bad. “I wouldn’t want to change any of the good or bad stuff because it defines people. It helps understand who they are, what they can do, how they handle themselves, and how they handle other people in challenging situations.”

I’ve learned that my perspective is far narrower than I once believed. I’ve listened to what it’s like to be away from your family, in a new environment, and all alone; something I’ve never experienced. However, one of the most important lessons I learned from Basham’s stories is that our differences are nothing to be ashamed or afraid of. It’s okay to ask questions, but always remain mindful of your intent when doing so.  

By coming together in the same space at the same time and sharing stories with one another, we are able to connect and view a perspective different than our own. Sometimes that means we must reach beyond our comfort zones, but I’ve come to learn that reaching beyond one’s comfort zone only widens one’s perspective.  

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Professional Mission Statement

-To enhance human well-being and help meet the basic human needs of all people, with particular attention to the needs and empowerment of people who are vulnerable, oppressed, and living in poverty.

Goals:

  1. Upholding people’s interests and rights.
  2. Raising awareness of structured inequities.

Personal Mission Statement

-To constantly strive to be the best version of myself in my job, with my health, with relationships, with family and friends and my own emotional well-being.

Goals:

  1. Improve my emotional intelligence by being less reactive and paying more attention to underlying emotions of others.
  2. Improve my time management skills while eliminating stress.

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Hello world!

Welcome to Longwood Blogs. This is your first post. Edit or delete it, then start blogging!

My name is Kierra Burrell and I am currently a Senior . My major is Liberal Studies with a minor in Children’s Literature.  I will be graduating from Longwood University in May 2022.

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Welcome!

My name is Megan Giannini and I am a first year student in the Longwood University Counselor Education program. This blog is a comprehensive portfolio for my professional identity as a counselor. Please feel free to browse through the attached tabs to get to know me on both a personal and professional basis.

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The Case of the Missing Kingdom of Axum

Abstract: The kingdom of Axum, a small African nation on the shores of the Red Sea and in the highlands of Ethiopia, thrived in the first few centuries of the Common Era. This small kingdom experienced territorial expansion through conquest, religious conversion at the hands of a major power, and the booming of a trade hub. Axum first took control of their neighbors in the fourth century and then looked beyond, primarily across the Red Sea. The Byzantines saw Axum taking control of the land to the south of Egypt and seized the opportunity to make them their allies. The conversion of the King of Axum made Eastern Orthodox Christianity the official religion and provided a launch point for prosperity. The Byzantines did not only bring their religion but also their business. Ivory became a highly demanded commodity at the Axumite trade hub of Adulis; however, the Byzantine interest in this commodity was contingent upon the success of Axum’s armies against Byzantium’s adversaries. Once the Axumite armies experienced defeat against those enemies, direct Byzantine influence declined. This once wealthy nation fell off the map and out of historical record over the next few centuries and little record displays exactly how this happens. The end of the Axumite kingdom is not clearly defined; however, the signs of decline are. These signs are glaringly similar to their road to success: territorial losses, religious turmoil, and economic recession. Because of the lack of historical writing, primary, archeological, theological, and economic sources describe the decline, and they rarely do so directly. (November 2021 – unpublished)

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