Hello Guys, 
I started this google doc so we can get some work done on the group project and it doesn't sneak up on us. The topic we choose in class is on the drugs on developing babies, i was thinking that we can just put all of our references here so they are all in one place. I've attached some that i think might be of use.



Hey everyone, IÕm dropping a couple links below that look like they could be of use, but IÕve only read the abstracts for. IÕll go over and take notes this weekend! Also, should we try to narrow our topic down to certain types of drugs or are we gonna go over a variety?--victoria

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4262892/
	Use of multiple types of drugs & pregnancy
https://www.dalgarnoinstitute.org.au/images/resources/pdf/cannabis-conundrum/RisksofMarijuana_inPregnancyVolkowComptonJAMA20146.pdf
	2 pgs, marijuana use and pregancy 
https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/6/4/e009986?utm_source=TrendMD&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=BMJOp_TrendMD-0
	Study on cannabis and pregnancy, kinda looks like same results from a cigarette smoking mom
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Margaret_Chisolm/publication/291391507_Management_of_psychotropic_drugs_during_pregnancy/links/58b4de73aca2725b541c3fec/Management-of-psychotropic-drugs-during-pregnancy.pdf
	Effects of psychotropic (meds for psychological ailments) on developing babies

Yea so me and sarah were actually talking about that on wednesday, and if yall are alright with it i was thinking that we try to focus on more like prescription drugs. If the info is available that is, if there isn't a lot of research we can always just broaden it to any types of drugs we can find research on

Also just a reminder that the articles cant be older than 2015 i believe.  -Paul 


https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.proxy.longwood.edu/pmc/articles/PMC6732712 
Here is one about epilepsy  drugs on the brain
? Antiepileptic drugs are taken to prevent seizures in mothers who are pregnant
? The drugs have been found to cause neural tube defects 
? Intrauterine growth retardation 
? Developmental delay
? Microcephaly 
? High chance that women taking the drug will accumulate the drug in the embryo often during the pre implementation stage where they do not even know they are pregnant
? Congenital anomalies that reportedly affect a variety of organs also appear to be an effect from opioid use during pregnancy
? Gabapentin of GBP was shown to cause a drop in brain weight of animal fetuses whose mothers were injected with it. 

Blandthorn, J., Leung, L., Loke, Y., Lloyd-Jones, D., Thurman, R., Bowman, E., & Bonomo, Y. (2018). Prescription opioid use in pregnancy. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,58(5), 494-498. doi:10.1111/ajo.12823
https://obgyn-onlinelibrary-wiley-com.proxy.longwood.edu/doi/full/10.1111/ajo.12823?sid=worldcat.org

? Birth defects
? Congenital heart defects 
? Neural tube defects
? talipes 
? Orofacial clefts 

This one is about prescription opioids

Lee, Y., Chen, C., Chu, D., & Ko, M. (2016). Factors associated with potentially harmful antibiotic prescription during pregnancy: A population-based study. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 22(2), 200-6. doi:10.1111/jep.12454
http://web.a.ebscohost.com.proxy.longwood.edu/chc/pdf?vid=1&sid=e6b22f7f-a3ac-495f-8e7b-77cd29e294ac%40sdc-v-sessmgr03
This one is about antibiotics
Potential negative effects:
	Increased risk of gram-negative bacteraemia in newborns with low body weight
	Teeth staining
	Suppressed bone growth
	Increased rish of cardiovascular deficits
	Increased risk of other diseases (deafness, jaundice, joint disorders, and anemia)
Sulfonamides, trimethoprim, tetracycline and quinolones classified as bad drugs for pregnancy



Prescription drugs for physical ailments or mental as well? -V

Sure thing, we can just do all drugs type will probably be easier on ourselves -P

So i was thinking now we can start working on the presentation and start using this page to get some of the facts from the articles and start transferring them to the powerpoint. -P

Jansson, L. M., Jordan, C. J., & Velez, M. L. (2018). Perinatal Marijuana Use and the Developing Child. JAMA, 320(6), 545Š546. https://doi-org.proxy.longwood.edu/10.1001/jama.2018.8401 
? For a long time opioids were used to handle pain in women who were pregnant, however a when it was discovered that not only were opioids addictive, they were extremely bad for prenatal children the search for a new way to relieve the pain began. 
? Marijuana was introduced as a way to decrease opioiod addiction, treat pain, and reduce the impacts on children. All of these when presented in current literature increased the publicÕs perception of  safety with cannabis during pregnancy. With this comes an increased risk of more pregnant women using weed as it becomes legal in more states. 
? However despite the benefits for the mother, Tetrahydrocannabinol the main psychoactive component in marijuana is known to cross the placental barrier rather easily and studies suggest it has inverse impacts on the Endocannabinoid receptors in the developing childÕs brain. 
? Endocannabinoid receptors form at the 14th week and are critical and postnatal brain development, neuronal connectivity, and glial cell differentiation. They are also important to several neurotransmitters that are essential for fetal brain development. 
? All of this research comes from testing on both mothers who have smoked while pregnant and animal fetuses undergoing testing. 
? On top of physical changes in the brain THC can also negatively impact the chemicals in our brains such as dopamine. 
? However, we do not know the effects that THC can have on the brain of a child in the long term. 


Cheung, H. M., & Yew, D. T. W. (2019). Effects of perinatal exposure to ketamine on the developing brain. Frontiers in Neuroscience, doi:http://dx.doi.org.proxy.longwood.edu/10.3389/fnins.2019.00138
Article for Ketamine on the brain 
? Highly abused
? Crosses the placental barrier easy
? Shows increased cell death

Martin, M. M., Graham, D. L., McCarthy, D. M., Bhide, P. G. and Stanwood, G. D. (2016), Cocaine?induced neurodevelopmental deficits and underlying mechanisms. Birth Defect Res C, 108: 147-173. doi:10.1002/bdrc.21132


Matsui, D. (2015). Ethics of studies of drugs in pregnancy. Paediatric Drugs, 17(1), 31-5. doi:10.1007/s40272-014-0104-2







If we are to move forward in the provision of evidence- based therapy to pregnant women, then we need to shift from assuming that pregnant women should be excluded from drug research to thinking that pregnant women should be included unless a sound justification for their exclusion can be provide
Fetus canÕt exactly give consent

There should be prospect of direct benefit for the woman or the fetus, and if there is no such prospect of benefit the risk to the fetus is not greater than minimal and the pur- pose of the research is the development of important bio- medical knowledge that cannot be obtained by any other means - US Code of Federal Regulations says so



Holbrook, B. (2016). The effects of nicotine on human fetal development. Birth Defects Research. Part C, Embryo Today : Reviews, 108(2), 181-92. doi:10.1002/bdrc.21128

Early pregnancy loss
Much higher prenatal mortality
Nicotine can lead to felopian tube problems which in turn makes ectopic pregancies more common
Low birth weight
Impaired function of the endocrine, reproductive, respiratory, cardiovascular, and neurologic systems.
ADHD, aggressive behavior, and future substance abuse
No evidence showing that e-cigarettes are any better
Basically, donÕt use any type of cigarette when pregnant
In one large study, it was determined that each pack of cigarettes smoked during pregnancy decreased birth weight by an average of 2.8 g (Harrod et al., 2014). Another study found that each week the mother continued to smoke led to a decrease in growth of head circumference by 0.56 mm/week, abdominal circumference by 0.58 mm/week, and femur length by 0.19 mm/week (Jaddoe et al., 2007).
These have consistently found that maternal nicotine use significantly increases placental resistance to blood flo
An interesting, paradoxical finding is that smoking during pregnancy actually decreases a pregnant women's risk of developing pre?eclampsia

Hermansen, T., & Melinder, A. (2015). Prenatal ssri exposure: Effects on later child development. Child Neuropsychology : A Journal on Normal and Abnormal Development in Childhood and Adolescence,21(5), 543-69. doi:10.1080/09297049.2014.942727

	Shorter gestational period
	Risk is more profound during the thrid trimester versus the first trimester
	Low Apgar score
	If mothers discontinue their antidepressants:
		Previous studies find that low levels of dopamine and serotonin, due to prenatal exposure 	to depression alone, are associated with reduced cognitive function (Deave, Heron, Evans, & Emond, [32]; Evans et al., [38]; Koutra et al., [77]) and more attentional problems in the children (Van Batenburg-Eddes et al., [139])

Infants exposed to high levels of cortisol are found to have lower scores on the mental developmental index of the Bayley scales

So i was thinking that we should somewhat change directions a bit on this project, instead of just piling on drugs that each have their own slides we should just focus on finding more data on the drugs that we do have and that way we have a little more information to make important points with-Paul

Also just a side note if anyone can find any information on drugs that are positive, does not have to be a whole lot just like one maybe two, I think that wouldnÕt hurt either, if not that's fine- Paul 

https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejm199208063270607

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Olagide_Castro/publication/326018749_Maternal_fetal_and_neonatal_consequences_associated_with_the_use_of_crack_cocaine_during_the_gestational_period_a_systematic_review_and_meta-analysis/links/5b36ab2f4585150d23e505c7/Maternal-fetal-and-neonatal-consequences-associated-with-the-use-of-crack-cocaine-during-the-gestational-period-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis.pdf
	Placenta displacement 



Chisolm, M.S., Payne, J.L. (2016). Management of psychotropic drugs during pregnancy. ResearchGate.
       doi: 10.1136/bmj.h5918
       
Chisolm, Margaret & Payne, Jennifer. (2016). Management of psychotropic drugs during pregnancy. BMJ. 352. h5918. 10.1136/bmj.h5918.