Abstract:

This project explores the Bessemer steel manufacturing process’s influence and vertical integration on the rapid development of the American steel industry. Specifically, this project explores Carnegie’s adaptation of the process, leading to his vertical integration of the Western Pennsylvania/Eastern Ohio steel industry, and the subsequent expansion of the U.S. railroad network. This, in turn, drove down steel prices, making it easier to build the foundation of modern American society. Carnegie’s other business innovations and reputation are also analyzed. (May 2023 – unpublished)