Review of Literature

#1 ~ “The Reference Group effect: An explanation of the paradoxical relationship between academic achievement and self- confidence across countries”

●  Van de gaer, E., Grisay, A., Schulz, W., & Gebhardt, E. (2012). The reference group effect: An explanation of the paradoxical relationship between academic achievement and self-confidence across countries. ​Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology,​ ​43​(8), 1205-1228.

●  This article looks at the relationship between self concept and achievement. It specifically looks at science scores. It discusses how students saw themselves related to a subject (good at it, bad at it etc) and how that affected their scores. Then they looked at this across several countries while controlling certain variables that would otherwise change the data

#2 ~ “Self esteem, Academic Achievement, and moral development among adolescent girls.

●  Perry-Burney, G., & Takyi, B. (2002). Self esteem, academic achievement, and moral development among adolescent girls. JournalofHumanBehaviorintheSocialEnvironment,​5​ ​(2),15-27.

●  This article focuses on how playing on sports teams affects self confidence in adolescent girls. Then it looks at how that in turn affects other aspects of thier lives like academic achievement, likelihood to be involved with drugs, and spirituality.

#3 ~ “It’s not who you are but who you’re with: self- confidence in achievement settings”

●  Sleeper, L., & Nigro, G. (1987). It’s not who you are but who you’re with:Self-confidenceinachievementsettings.S​ exRoles:AJournal ofResearch,​1​ 6​(1-2),57-69.doi:10.1007/BF00302851

●  This article looks more specifically at adults and how people solving anagrams thought they would be more or less successful based on the gender of the person they were paired with. I think this might be interesting to think about the way the gender of teachers could affect student’s self confidence.

#4~ “Self-Concepts, Self-Esteem, and Academic Achievement of Minority and Majority North American Elementary School Children.”

  • Cvencek, D., Fryberg, S., Covarrubias, R., & Meltzoff, A. (2018). Self-concepts, self-esteem, and academic achievement of minority and majority north american elementary school children. Child Development, 89(4), 1099-1109. doi:10.1111/cdev.12802
  • This article looks at majority and minority students in schools on Native American reservations based on their own self concept. The article breaks down the different reasons students might have a higher or lower self- concept such as developmental level and racial identity. In the study conducted they focused on three main issues: academic self-concept, racial and ethnic group differences, and self esteem.

#5~ “Test Anxiety, Academic Achievement, and Self-Esteem among Arab Adolescents with and without Learning Disabilities”

  • Peleg, O. (2009). Test anxiety, academic achievement, and self-esteem among arab adolescents with and without learning disabilities. Learning Disability Quarterly, 32(1), 11-20.
  • This article talks about testing anxiety and how it affects a large population of students. It mentions about how different populations of students like students with learning disabilities are affected with testing anxiety and how the continuous failures can cause students to drop out by high school. The article also talks about how self esteem can affect students and their academic achievement. It says that students with learning disabilities tend to have lower self esteem and lower academic achievement.

#6~ “Self Esteem Manifestation in Students with High and Low Academic Achievement.”

  • Imran, H. (2013). Self-esteem manifestation in students with high and low academic achievement. Pakistan Journal of Psychology, 44(2).
  • This article looks at students in Pakistan and discusses self esteem and its effect on academic achievement. The article says that the two seem to depend on each other more than the cause effect relationship we tend to think of. It also talks about how academic achievement may affect self esteem based on their life goals and stage in education.